La Marseillaise
La Marseillaise became the French national anthem at a time when France was going through many changes. This French national anthem represented their countries fight and what they believed in. France was becoming independent and following a different way of ruling. Much anger and power went into the creating of this anthem, they wanted to make their feelings clear. They wanted to be a free nation. It mirrors the struggles they overcame to become what they are today. They will stop at nothing to defend their precious country. It’s similar to our own national anthem, it symbolizes great strength and the blood shed of the brave.
Pg.522 & 528 (4)
Pg.522
4)
A) The national convention lead France to the end of monarchy by executing Louis the XVI and started a republic nation. Also they vote by universal manhood suffrage and began the committee of public safety.
B) The Reign of Terrors was a period of time were everyone was afraid.It was against nobility and anyone suspected of disloyalty. With the brutal suppression, it affected the people of France to guillotine Robespierre.
C) Napoleon, a general rose to power by improving conditions for the troops, gaining their support and boosting morale. Also he made peace with countries, defeated Austrians, and controlled all of norther Italy.
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Pg.528
4)
A) Napoleon accomplished greatly in governing. He organized all French laws into Napoleonic code and established the Bank of France to act as a central financial institution. He also reached an agreement with the pope called the Concordat and undid the alliance of France’s foreign enemies. Then, in 1804, the French people voted France as an empire and Napoleon became the Emperor.
B) Napoleon’s empire extended far beyond France’s old borders, and won battles against other countries. He made Austria and Prussia signed peace treaties and ruled Netherlands and Spain and forced Papal states into an alliances. Not only that, he abolished the Holy Roman Empire and unified it into the Kingdom of Italy under his control.
C) Prussia, Austria, Britain, and Russia had formed allies to crush France. The allies won and defeated Napoleon.
Pg.528 (1 & 2)
1)
Plebiscite: Procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote.
Nationalism: Love of one’s country rather than of one’s native region.
Scorched-Earth Policy: Tactic of burning or destroying crops and anything else of value to an invading army.
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2)
Napoleonic Code: System of French law under Napoleon’s direction.
Concordat: Agreement between Napoleon and the pope recognizing Catholicism as the religion of most French citizens.
Horatio Nelson: English admiral who defeated the French fleets of Napoleon but was mortally wounded at Trafalgar.
Duke of Wellington: British general and statesman; he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo; subsequently served as Prime Minister.
Pg.489 (1,2 & 4)
1)
Habeas Corpus: Legal right protecting individuals from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.
Cabinet: Heads of government departments who advise the head of state.
Prime Minister: Head of government in Great Britain.
Limited Constitutional Monarchy: Government in which the monarch remains head of the state, but the king or queen is required to consult parliament.
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2)
Restoration: Period of the reign of Charles II of England when the monarchy was restored; also the rebirth of English culture during that time.
Tories: Political party that supported the monarchy in England in the 1600’s.
Whigs: Political party in England that rebelled against the monarchy, wanted a strong Parliament, and opposed having a Catholic ruler.
James II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange.
William III: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1702), Dutch stadholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange. Married to Mary, daughter of James II, he was asked by the opponents of James to invade England (1688) and was proclaimed joint monarch with Mary (1689) after James fled.
Mary II: Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689-1694). The eldest daughter of James II, she ruled jointly with her husband, William III, the former William of Orange, at the behest of the Protestant opponents of her father.
Glorious Revolution: Bloodless transfer of power to William and Mary of England in 1688.
Thomas Hobbes: (1588-1679) English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings.
John Locke: (1632-1704) English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
English Bill of Rights: Document in the 1689 that declared the powers of Parliament and protected private citizens.
Toleration Act: 1689 act of British Parliament granting some religious freedoms to non-Anglican Protestants.
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4)
A) Parliament’s Tories and Whigs differed in their view of the English monarchy because the Tories were believers of hereditary monarchy, who were willing to accept a Roman Catholic king. The Whigs wanted a strong Parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler.
B) The role religion played in the reigns of Charles II and James II was to gain and secure power.
C) The “social contract” of Hobbes and Locke basically stated the Hobbes wanted an absolute monarchy to take control of the ‘selfish’ people. Locke’s thought was against absolute monarchy. He thought that the people should choose rules and share control.
D) The Parliament of the early 1700’s was not truly a “representative legislature” because the Parliament did not represent most of the people of England. The House of Lords consisted only of hereditary nobles and higher clergy. The House of Commons, which was gradually becoming the more powerful of the 2 houses, became to only represent a small minority of the population.
Hobbes/Locke Paragraphs
Hobbes and Locke both had many diverse thoughts on the topic of monarchy. Thomas Hobbes believed that it was best to have one monarch who would tend to the interests of the larger community. He basically was a fan of absolute monarchy, where one government gave all the power to one king or queen. His opinion was that humans were very selfish and would do anything to better their position. He felt people should not be left to make decisions on their own. An authoritative figure was necessary to provide direction and to protect the nation from selfishness & evil.
John Locke’s beliefs of monarchy were similar to Hobbes. The one thing he did disagree on though was absolute monarchy. His opinion was that humans could be trusted to follow certain principles of conduct. Locke also believed that it was not right for a sole monarch to have complete control. He thought that the people should choose rules and share control.
Locke Paragraph
John Locke was born in the year 1632 in England. He was an English philosopher who believed males and females deserved equal rights. Locke also believed that all our ideas and thoughts came about through all we’ve observed through our senses. The sense were described as primary (weight, dimensions, and motion) and secondary (color, taste, and smell) qualities. He was the inventor of the checks & balances system, which consisted of the legislative, executive & judicial branches. He died in the year 1704 at the age of 72.
Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation
The French portrayed themselves to the Egyptians as ‘integrous’ friends who agreed with the same religion as them, and had the same enemies as well. The French were trying to discretely push religion into the situation claiming that they needed to have & praise God in their lives. They thought the Egyptian way of life was very corrupt. Seeming as minute invaders, the French did not post such a pretty picture in the minds of the Egyptians. The Egyptians prepared an army once they heard of France arriving. The Egyptians also thought the French were rude, indecent, dirty people. They claimed the French were disgusting because they were not hygienic, the women were too exposed, their foods were mixed and there was not a care or worry about showing their private parts. They did not want them ruling their country in any way, shape or form.
Textbook Homework
Pg. 371 #1
Counter-Reformation: Also known as the Catholic Reformation, it was meant to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matter. As well it allowed the church to make its doctrinces more clear, and it was a campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism.
Council of Trent: Met during 3 different periods between 1545 & 1563 to clearly define Catholic doctrinces for the Counter-Reformation. It acted to end the abuses surrounding the sale of indulgences and discipline the clergy.
Jesuits: Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534.
Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Jesuits in 1534. Believed salvation could be achieved, in part, by doing good deeds. Thos who followed him took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope.
Pg. 377 #1
Broadsides: Single printed news sheets sold to the public. Began to appear because of the invention of movable type.
Almanacs: Published predictions about the weather and prospects for growing crops, and also contain such things as calendars, maps, and medical advice. Became best-sellers because they spoke to the beliefs and concerns of ordinary people.
Standard of Living: Measure of the quality of life. It is affected by many factors, including environment, health, home life, income, and working conditions.
