Pg.636 #2 & 4; Pg.642 #4

Pg. 636 #2

Carbonari: Secret society of Italian nationalists in the early 1800s.

Giuseppe Mazzini: Italian patriot who spurred the movement for an independent, unified Italy with his political writings and machinations, conducted mostly from exile in London.

Young Italy Movement: Group of Italian patriots dedicated to spreading ideas of nationalism.

King Victor Emmanuel II: Of sardinia; was not especially sympathetic to the liberals, but he did not want to expand sardinian territory.

Camillio Benso di Cavour: King Victor Emmanuel II’s chief minister; a republican and an italian patriot.

Napoléon III: French emperor who wanted to increase French influence; thought that if the Austrians were driven from Italy, France might be able to dominate the Italian states.

Giuseppe Garibaldi: Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).

#4

A) What two events led to new nationalist movements for unification in Italy?

- The two events which led to new nationalist movements for unification in Italy were the French Revolution & the Young Italy Movement.

B) Who were the important leaders in the fight for Italian unification?

- The important leaders in the fight for Italian unification were Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Napoleon III, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

C) Why did the kingdom of Sardinia take the lead in Italian unification?

- The kingdom of Sardinia took the lead in Italian unification because Cavour and the Sardinian parliament supported the goals of the liberals. Cavour also wanted Sardinia to lead the way in uniting and industrializing Italy.

Pg.642 #4

A) How did Prussia replace Austria as the leading German state in Europe?

- Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe because of the ruling of William I & Otto von Bismark as head of the Prussian cabinet. Bismarck built the Prussian army into a powerful way machine. Through the fighting of The Danish War, The Seven Weeks’ War, and The Franco-Prussian War came Prussia’s replacement over Austria.

B) Contrast the ways in which German unification differed from Italian unification?

- The two unifications differed because German unification was going up against both Austria & Prussia, this resulted in a German Empire. The Italian unification had only one state and did not result in an empire.

C) After unification, what was the makeup of the German government?

- After unification, the makeup of the German government was of one emperor, King William I and one chief minister, Bismarck. There was a legislative branch which consisted of two houses, the Bundesrat (upper house consisting of 58 appointed members) and the Reichstag (legislative assemnly consisting of almost 400 members).